Search for Resources
Description
This ESD resource focuses on a sustainable approach to managing organic waste. Students explore the environmental, social and economic aspects of waste disposal and apply what they have learned by building and operating a vermicomposter. This action toolkit engages teachers and students in community and school-based environmental action projects. This comprehensive resource provides teachers with a variety of hands-on learning activities, which include building a vermicomposter that uses red wiggler worms to transform organic waste that would normally be sent to the dump, into a natural fertilizer.
Students will:
- will draw a map to examine where their waste goes when it leaves their home and the economic, social, and environmental consequences of their waste along the way
- design their own controlled experiment to understand and study what factors affect decomposition
- build a vermicomposter and learn to care for the worms
- play a trivia game to discover how much they know or need to learn about vermicomposting.
- conduct a waste audit to learn more about the waste they create
- create an informational brochure about composting using the knowledge they have learned during the activities
The resource also provides an activity allowing students to connect their learning to the SDGs and apply the knowledge they gained throughout this action toolkit to think critically about them. Through interactive activities and hands-on projects, teachers can help students understand the importance of the SDGs and how they can make a difference. By introducing students to the SDGs, they can better understand how their actions can help create a more sustainable world.
To access more LSF Action Projects click here
General Assessment
What skills does this resource explicitly teach?
The resource explicitely teaches:
- Experiment design skills
- Designing a brochure
- Care for worms
Strengths
- The resource allows teacher to meet curriculum expectations through highly engaging and environmentally-focused learning activities.
- The resource contains detailed background information for the teacher and students.
- The resource provides authentic action experiences, large and small.
- Each lesson in the resource clearly states its learning outcomes, description of the activity, materials needed, preparation and assessment options.
- Wide range of learning styles incorporated into the lessons.
- The resource is well organized and easy to use.
- A variety of assessment suggestions are provided
Weaknesses
- No modification for diverse learners
- Limited outdoor activities
Relevant Curriculum Units
The following tool will allow you to explore the relevant curriculum matches for this resource. To start, select a province listed below.
- Step 1Select a province
- Alberta
- Step 2Select a grade level
- Grade 9
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Explore thoughts, ideas, feelings and experiences.
- Manage ideas and information
- Respect,support and collaborate with others
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Knowlege And Employability: Number
- Knowlege And Employability: Shape and Space
- Statistics and Probability
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Biological Diversity
- Grade 10
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Create oral, print, visual and multimedia
- Manage ideas and information
- Respect, support and collaborate with others
- Grade 11
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- English 20: Create oral, print, visual and multimedia texts, and enhance the clarity and artistry of communication
- English 20: Explore thoughts, ideas, feelings and experiences
- English 20: Manage ideas and information
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Mathematics 20-4:Statistics and Probability (Collecting and Analyzing Information)
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Science 20: Changes in Living Systems
- Grade 12
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Manage ideas and information
- Respect, support and collaborate with others
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Mathematics 30-3:Statistics
- British Columbia
- Step 2Select a grade level
- Grade 9
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Questioning what we hear, read, and view contributes to our ability to be educated and engaged citizens.
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Computational fluency and flexibility with numbers extend to operations with rational numbers
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Science 9: The biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere are interconnected, as matter cycles and energy flows through them.
- Grade 10
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Composition 10: Language shapes ideas and influences others
- Creative Writing 10: Language shapes ideas and influences others
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Workplace Mathematics: Representing and analyzing data allows us to notice and wonder about relationships
- Grade 11
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Creative Writing 11:Language shapes ideas and influences others.
- Environmental Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Environmental Science 11: Complex roles and relationships contribute to diversity of ecosystems
- Environmental Science 11: Human practices affect the sustainability of ecosystems
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Workplace Mathematics 11: Representing and analyzing data allows us to notice and wonder about relationships
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Life Science 11: Organisms. Organisms are grouped on the basis of identifiable similarities
- Science for Citizenship 11: Scientific understanding enables humans to respond and adapt to changes locally and globally
- Grade 12
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Composition 12: Language shapes ideas and influences others
- Creative Writing 12: Writers write for authentic audiences and real-world purposes.
- Creative Writing 12: Language shapes ideas and influences others.
- Environmental Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Environmental Science 12: Human activities cause changes in the global climate system
- Environmental Science 12: Living sustainably supports the well-being of self, community, and Earth.
- Environmental Science 12: Sustainable land use is essential to meet the needs of a growing population
- Manitoba
- Step 2Select a grade level
- Grade 9
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Explore thoughts, ideas, feelings, and experiences
- Manage ideas and information
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Number
- Shape and Space
- Statistics and Probability
- Grade 10
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Explore thoughts, ideas, feelings, and experiences
- Manage ideas and information
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Senior 2 Science: Dynamics of Ecosystems
- Grade 11
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Explore thoughts, ideas, feelings, and experiences
- Manage ideas and information
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Essential Mathematics : Statistics
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Current Topics in the Sciences 30S: Science, Technology, Society & the Environment
- Grade 12
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Explore thoughts, ideas, feelings, and experiences
- Manage ideas and information
- New Brunswick
- Step 2Select a grade level
- Grade 9
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Interactions
- Representations
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Science 9 Ecosystem Dynamics: Learning and Living Sustainably
- Science 9 Ecosystem Dynamics: Scientific Literacy
- Social Studies
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Canadian Identities: Civics
- Grade 10
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Speaking & Listening
- Writing & Other Ways of Representing
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Learning and Living Sustainably (STSE)
- Science 10 Science for Sustainable Societies
- Grade 11
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- English 112/113: Speaking & Listening
- English 112/113: Writing & Other Ways of Representing
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Financial and Workplace Mathematics 110: Statistics
- Grade 12
- Step 3Select a subject
- Environmental Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Advanced Environmental Science 120:Introduction to the human sphere
- Introduction to Environmental Science 120: An Overview of Environmental Science
- Introduction to Environmental Science 120: Investigating Environmental Issues
- Geography
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Canadian Geography 120: Patterns and Systems in the Human and Natural World
- Newfoundland & Labrador
- Step 2Select a grade level
- Grade 9
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Speaking and Listening
- Writing & Other Ways of Representation
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Number
- Shape and Space
- Statistics & Probability
- Social Studies
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Canadian Identity: Canada’s Changing Identity : Creating a Preferred Future
- Grade 10
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- English 1201: Speaking & Listening
- English 1201:Writing & Other Ways of Representing
- Literacy 1204: Create Information
- Literacy 1204: Inquiry and Critical Thinking
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Science 1206: Sustainability of Ecosystems
- Grade 11
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- English Language Arts 2201/2202: Speaking & Listening
- English Language Arts 2201/2202: Writing & Other Ways of Representing
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Math 2201:Statistical Reasoning
- Mathematics 2204/2205 :Statistics
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Science 2200: Ecosytems
- Grade 12
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- English Language Arts 3202: Speaking & Listening
- English Language Arts 3202: Writing & Other Ways of Representing
- Environmental Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Environmental Science 3205: Introduction to Environmental Science
- Environmental Science 3205: Land Use & the Environment
- Geography
- Step 4Relevant matches
- World Geography 3200/3202: Ecosystems
- Northwest Territories
- Step 2Select a grade level
- Grade 9
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Comprehend and respond personally and critically to oral, print, and other media texts, through a process.
- Plan and focus an inquiry or research and interpret and analyze information and ideas, through a process
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Analyzing the validity, reliability, and representation of data enables us to compare and interpret.
- Shape and Space
- Statistics and Probability
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Biological Diversity
- Science 9: The biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere are interconnected, as matter cycles and energy flows through them.
- Grade 10
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Manage ideas and information
- Respect, support and collaborate with others
- Grade 11
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Manage ideas and information
- Respect, support and collaborate with others
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Math 20-2: Statistics
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Experiential Science 20, Marine Systems: Habitats, Population Dynamics and Management
- Science 20: Changes in Living Systems
- Nova Scotia
- Step 2Select a grade level
- Grade 9
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Speaking & Listening
- Writing & Other Ways of Representation
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Measurement
- Number
- Statistics and Probability
- Social Studies
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Citizenship 9: Global Citizenship
- Grade 10
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Speaking & Listening
- Writing & Other Ways of Representing
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Science 10: Sustainability of Ecosystems
- Grade 11
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Speaking & Listening
- Writing & Other Ways of Representing
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Math 11: Statistics
- Grade 12
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Speaking & Listening
- Writing & Other Ways of Representing
- Environmental Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- AP Environmental Science: The Living World: Biodiversity
- AP Environmental Science: The Living World: Ecosystems
- Nunavut
- Step 2Select a grade level
- Grade 9
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Access and Explore
- Plan and Focus
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Knowlege And Employability: Shape and Space
- Knowlege And Employability: Statistics and Probability
- Number
- Statistics and Probability
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Biological Diversity
- Grade 10
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Create oral, print, visual and multimedia
- Explore thoughts, ideas, feelings and experiences
- Manage ideas and information
- Respect, support and collaborate with others
- Grade 11
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Manage ideas and information
- Respect, support and collaborate with others
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Mathematics (Apprenticeship and Workplace Math):Statistics
- Mathematics 20-4:Statistics and Probability (Collecting and Analyzing Information)
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Experiential Science 20, Marine Systems: Habitats, Population Dynamics and Management
- Grade 12
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Manage ideas and information
- Respect, support and collaborate with others
- Ontario
- Step 2Select a grade level
- Grade 9
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Composition: Expressing Ideas and Creating Texts
- Foundations of Language
- Geography
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Issues in Canadian Geography (Academic): Managing Canada's Resources and Industries
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Data
- Number
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- :Biology: Sustainable Ecosystems
- Grade 10
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- English: Writing
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Science (Academic):Biology: Tissues, Organs and Systems of Living Things
- Grade 11
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- English: Writing
- Environmental Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Environmental Science (Univ/College Prep.) Reducing and Managing Waste
- Environmental Science (Univ/College Prep.) Scientific Solutions to Contemporary Environmental Challenges
- Environmental Science (Workplace Prep.) Human Impact on the Environment
- Geography
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Forces of Nature: Physical Processes and Disasters (Univ./College Prep.): The Physical Environment: Sustainability and Stewardship
- Regional Geography (Univ./College Prep.): Sustainability and Stewardship
- Grade 12
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- English: Oral Communication
- English:Writing
- Geography
- Step 4Relevant matches
- The Environment & Resource Management (Univ./College Prep.):Sustainability and Stewardship of Natural Resources
- World Issues: A Geographic Analysis (Univ. Prep.):Sustainability and Stewardship
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Mathematics for Work and Everyday Life: Reaoning with Data
- Mathematics of Data management (Univ. Prep.) Culminating Data Management
- Prince Edward Island
- Step 2Select a grade level
- Grade 9
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Speaking and Listening
- Writing & Other Ways of Representing
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Number
- Statistics and Probability
- Grade 10
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- ENG 421A: Speaking & Listening
- ENG 421A: Writing & Other Ways of Representing
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Science 431A: Life Science, Sustainability of Ecosystems
- Grade 11
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- ENG521A: Speaking & Listening
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Math 521A: Statistics
- Grade 12
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- ENG621A: Writing & Other Ways ofRepresenting
- Environmental Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Environmental Science 621A: Ecological Principles
- Environmental Science 621A: Environmental Challenges and Successes
- Geography
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Geography 631A Global Issues: What Can I Do?
- Quebec
- Step 2Select a grade level
- Grade 9
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Reads and listens to written, spoken and media texts
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Statistics & Probability
- Science & Technology
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Applied Science & Technology: The Living World
- Grade 10
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Uses language/talk to communicate and to learn
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Statistics and probability
- Science & Technology
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Applied Science & Technology:The Living World
- Grade 11
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Produces texts for personal and social purposes
- Reads and listens to written, spoken and media texts
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Statistics and Probability
- Saskatchewan
- Step 2Select a grade level
- Grade 9
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Compose and Create
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Math 9: Number
- Math 9: Statistics and Probability
- Grade 10
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- English Language Arts A10: Compose and Create
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Science 10: Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics
- Grade 11
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- English Language Arts 20: Compose and Create
- Environmental Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Environmental Science 20: Human Population and Pollution
- Social Studies
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Social Studiees 20:World Issues - Environment
- Grade 12
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- English Language Arts A30: Overall Expectations
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Foundations of Mathematics 30: Overall Expectations
- Yukon Territory
- Step 2Select a grade level
- Grade 9
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Questioning what we hear, read, and view contributes to our ability to be educated and engaged citizens.
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Computational fluency and flexibility with numbers extend to operations with rational numbers
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Science 9: The biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere are interconnected, as matter cycles and energy flows through them.
- Grade 10
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Composition 10: Language shapes ideas and influences others
- Creative Writing 10: Language shapes ideas and influences others
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Workplace Mathematics: Representing and analyzing data allows us to notice and wonder about relationships
- Grade 11
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Creative Writing 11:Language shapes ideas and influences others.
- Environmental Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Environmental Science 11: Complex roles and relationships contribute to diversity of ecosystems
- Environmental Science 11: Human practices affect the sustainability of ecosystems
- Math
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Workplace Mathematics 11: Representing and analyzing data allows us to notice and wonder about relationships
- Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Life Science 11: Organisms. Organisms are grouped on the basis of identifiable similarities
- Science for Citizenship 11: Scientific understanding enables humans to respond and adapt to changes locally and globally
- Grade 12
- Step 3Select a subject
- English/Language Arts
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Composition 12: Language shapes ideas and influences others
- Creative Writing 12: Writers write for authentic audiences and real-world purposes.
- Creative Writing 12: Language shapes ideas and influences others.
- Environmental Science
- Step 4Relevant matches
- Environmental Science 12: Sustainable land use is essential to meet the needs of a growing population
Themes Addressed
Waste Management (3)
- Composting
- Solid Waste Disposal
- Source Reduction
Sustainability Education Principles
| Principle | Rating | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Consideration of Alternative Perspectives | Very Good | The resource objectively presents the environmental, social and economical impacts of vermicomposters. The resource provides a positive bias with well researched background information from many sources to support the importance vermicomposting. |
Consideration of Alternative Perspectives:
| ||
| Multiple Dimensions of Problems & Solutions | Very Good | Students are explicitly directed to examine the ecological, social and economic implications of waste. |
| Multiple Dimensions of Problems & Solutions: Effectively addresses the environmental, economic and social dimensions of the issue(s) being explored.
| ||
| Respects Complexity | Very Good | The resource promotes dialogue and exploration of waste issues through a problem-solving approach. The resource informs students about the environmental and social advantages associated with reducing organic waste by vermicomposting. |
| Respects Complexity: The complexity of the problems/issues being discussed is respected. | ||
| Acting on Learning | Very Good | Students are definitely active participants in their learning. Their efforts will have a positive impact on their school and their community |
| Acting on Learning: Learning moves from understanding issues to working towards positive change — in personal lifestyle, in school, in the community, or for the planet
| ||
| Values Education | Very Good | Throughout every phase of the project, students must answer reflection questions, orally or in writing to clarify what they are doing and why. Through the creation of a mindmap students explore the diverse reasons to care about worms and share their beliefs about organic waste going to the landfill. |
| Values Education: Students are explicitly provided with opportunities to identify, clarify and express their own beliefs/values. | ||
| Empathy & Respect for Humans | Poor/Not considered | |
| Empathy & Respect for Humans: Empathy and respect are fostered for diverse groups of humans (including different genders, ethnic groups, sexual preferences, etc.). | ||
| Personal Affinity with Earth | Good | Students are taught the value of the worms and how to care for them in a safe and humane manner. |
| Personal Affinity with Earth: Encourages a personal affinity with -the natural world.
| ||
| Locally-Focused Learning | Very Good | The learning is directed at the school and in the community. The resource encourages students to make a personal commitment to reducing the amount of waste that they send to the landfill. Students brainstorm personal commitment options. Find a suitable location for their compost, i.e. donate their compost to a community garden or start your own garden with the class |
| Locally-Focused Learning: Includes learning experiences that take advantage of issues/elements within the local community.
| ||
| Past, Present & Future | Good | Students are asked to consider the impacts of waste now and in the future. The resource takes a look at our present landfill sites and how vermicomposting is one of many options towards reducing waste in the future. |
| Past, Present & Future: Promotes an understanding of the past, a sense of the present, and a positive vision for the future. | ||
Pedagogical Approaches
| Principle | Rating | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Open-Ended Instruction | Good | The resource includes a variety of different hands-on activities, which encourages students to find as many answers or solutions as possible. Brainstorming, questioning, discussion, designing, and reflection opportunities are included throughout the resource. |
| Open-Ended Instruction
: Lessons are structured so that multiple/complex answers are possible; students are not steered toward one 'right' answer. | ||
| Integrated Learning | Good | This project includes elements of various subjects:
|
| Integrated Learning: Learning brings together content and skills from more than one subject area
| ||
| Inquiry Learning | Good | The activities are structured to allow students to discover and build knowledge for themselves. |
| Inquiry Learning: Learning is directed by questions, problems, or challenges that students work to address.
| ||
| Differentiated Instruction | Very Good | This project includes a very good variety of activities that meet the needs of all types of learners. |
| Differentiated Instruction: Activities address a range of student learning styles, abilities and readiness.
| ||
| Experiential Learning | Very Good | Students will indeed reduce waste by creating real compost. Students transform classroom learning into community action by building their own vermicomposter. |
| Experiential Learning: Authentic learning experiences are provided
| ||
| Cooperative Learning | Good | Students will be working in groups, they participate in a cooperative trivia game and work in groups to build a vermicomposter |
| Cooperative Learning: Group and cooperative learning strategies are a priority.
| ||
| Assessment & Evaluation | Good | Assessment strategies, journal responses and reflection activities and other strategies are suggested. |
| Assessment & Evaluation: Tools are provided that help students and teachers to capture formative and summative information about students' learning and performance. These tools may include reflection questions, checklists, rubrics, etc. | ||
| Peer Teaching | Very Good | Students will teach other classes how to use a vermicomposter. They will also teach waste-reducing strategies to the school and the community. |
| Peer Teaching: Provides opportunities for students to actively present their knowledge and skills to peers and/or act as teachers and mentors.
| ||
| Case Studies | Good | Through a waste audit students take a look at the waste their class creates. |
| Case Studies: Relevant case studies are included. Case studies are thorough descriptions of real events from real situations that students use to explore concepts in an authentic context. | ||
| Locus of Control | Good | Extending the learning activities are suggested |
| Locus of Control: Meaningful opportunities are provided for students to choose elements of program content, the medium in which they wish to work, and/or to go deeper into a chosen issue. | ||
